epistemology 认识论 symposium empirical?
Research Article
Rhetorical structures
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methodology
- Results
- Discussion
Linguistic devices
- hedging
- reporting → sound credible
- cohesion
Community dynamics
- hunch ~? instinct
- History
- → 1660s → later (or not) → …
| books | 1st Scientific | 1st Scientific |
| letters | Soc Societies | |
| Periodicals (genre changed professionally) | ||
| R. |
||
| (write ↓ every detail of his exps) | ||
| generally accepted knowledge |
Categories
theoretical ; review ; empirical
| theoretical | review | empirical |
|---|---|---|
| Logical Arguments | Thoughts Feedbacks | Data(New) Anayses |
The long & not-always-visible life of an academic claim
| negotiation | → | acceptance | → | ratification | → | citation | → | disappearance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| accepted by the field | becomes the bkgrd |
双横线标注词汇英文释义
| 单词 | 英文释义（在线词典） |
|---|---|
| symposium | a meeting at which experts have discussions about a particular subject; a small conference（Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries） |
| empirical | based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory（Cambridge Dictionary） |
| hedging | the use of hedges — words or phrases that soften what we say or write and make it less direct（Cambridge Dictionary, Grammar） |
| devices | a method that is used to produce a particular effect; e.g. a literary / rhetorical device（Cambridge Dictionary） |
#（注：内容由AI整理）